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Protection of the Ranges is a priority policy platform of Council, and the plethora of issues, as set out in this report, indicates a way forward that is multi faceted. The Council must consider both the meaning of protection and the best means of implementation in the context of the Ranges, a place where people live and work, as well as a home to outstanding indigenous flora, fauna, and landscape, and numerous sites of significance to manawhenua. To assist the Council in these decisions, this report outlines: The resources of the Waitakere Ranges The things that people have said they value about the Ranges The strategic context The issues, including Iwi issues Pressures on the resources and values of the Waitakere Ranges The range of programmes used by the Council aimed at avoiding, remedying or mitigating these pressures Monitoring results – how are we doing? Identified gaps issues for significant places of the Ranges - Lake Wainamu, the Waitakere Wetland and the Waitakere Quarry In particular, the views of the Parliamentary Commissioner for the Environment and a number of the city’s environmental groups are explored, relating to the possibility of a Waitakere Ranges ‘Heritage Area’ or ‘Special Character Area’, to deal with the issue of ‘death by a thousand cuts’ - the adverse cumulative impacts of many small actions on the Waitakere Ranges – in a way that would achieve good long term outcomes for the Ranges. A list of ‘questions and actions to consider’ are set out for discussion by the Council in working towards sustainable development of the Waitakere Ranges, and to contribute to the strategic review process. For the purposes of this report, an inclusive approach has been taken to the definition of the Waitakere Ranges, to include the West Coast, Manukau Harbour coast and the eastern foothills, recognising the role of the Foothills as a visual backdrop to Auckland and a buffer area separating the predominantly urban from the mainly rural and natural. This does not, however, predicate the same vision or management policy over the entire area. This is a matter for debate. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 2.1 Purpose This report serves as a means of bringing together information regarding the Waitakere Ranges to enable Council to consider, through the Strategic Review, both the meaning of protection and the best means of implementation this. 2.2 Resources of the Waitakere Ranges There are a wide variety of attributes and resources in the Waitakere Ranges that make it the unique, valued area that it is: An important visual and recreational element for the Auckland region as a whole. Provides a central identity for Waitakere City. One of the last large areas of northern coastal forest in the country. It is home to around 150 endangered animals and plants. 80 to 90 years of regeneration now exists over much of the Ranges. The Ranges supply water to a significant portion of the region. Te Henga wetland is recognised as being of national significance. Important coastal resources of the West Coast and Manukau harbours including populations of North Island Hectors Dolphin, fur seals, New Zealand and banded Dotterels and inter-tidal shellfish. Maori have important relationships with many sites and areas in the Ranges. There are sites of European heritage value in the Ranges. 2.3 Values of the Waitakere Ranges The Waitakere Ranges are highly valued by iwi, residents, visitors and the wider community. 2.4 Strategic Context Several documents provide the strategic framework for the long-term management of the Waitakere Ranges: The Greenprint recognises the central importance of the West Coast and the Waitakere Ranges and their foothills. The District Plan – in particular its subdivision rules, is seen as the major management tool of Council to contain urban expansion. Other Waitakere City Policy work including the Water Cycle Strategy (1995), the Urban Stormwater Strategy and Action Plan, Parks Strategy, Weeds Strategy, Green Network Community Assistance policy, Reserve Management Plans, and the Eco-sourcing Policy and Guidelines. The West Coast Plan – developed through a consensus process with the community, guides relevant authorities when developing policies and projects. Central and Regional Government Policy – Council policy must be consistent. 2.5 What are some of the issues facing the Waitakere Ranges? Many pressures are being exercised on the Waitakere Ranges from both human and non-human forces: Infestation of weeds and pests and their effect on forest and bird health. Natural water bodies and the effects of wastewater and storm water. Iwi issues and the need to properly identify and protect sites of cultural significance. Impact of increasing visitor numbers and the pressure on visitor facilities. Impact on landscape and the environment of Infrastructure within the Waitakere Ranges including water supply and sewage, roads, and power and communications. Natural hazards associated with the area in particular instability and erosion, fire and global pressures such as long-term climate change and sea level rise. Key areas of importance such as Lake Wainamu and the Waitakere Wetland and their specific needs for protection. Subdivision and development pressures resulting in additional building, infrastructure, bush clearing and increased chances of weed infestation. Waitakere Quarry and its associated issues of noise, water quality, and as a source of weeds infestation in the Ranges. Effects of landuses such as farming and horticulture, roading, sewage disposal. Biosecurity failures e.g. Painted Apple Moth One of the biggest threats to the values of the Waitakere Ranges is the encroachment of subdivision and development. In 2000, in response to concerns, the Parliamentary Commissioner for the Environment (PCE) carried out an investigation. One of the major problems is the difficulty in identifying and managing the effects of cumulative impacts. The PCE is not convinced that the Resource Management Act will, on its own, protect environment qualities that depend on preventing cumulative degradation, in particular subdivision and development pressures. The PCE identified a need for a strong community vision for the Waitakere Ranges and West Coast. (A vision has been developed through a community process for the West Coast Plan.) It has been suggested that providing a more robust legislative framework for the management of the Waitakere Ranges is one means of addressing this problem. One framework could be that of the ‘protected landscape’ as it is termed in Europe – private land that has strong protection for its natural resources, linked with significant financial incentives for stewardship of these resources. One working example of this is Snowdonia National Park in Wales. 2.6 Resources Two key resources are available to further strategic work on the protection of the Waitakere Ranges: $13,000 within the 2002/2003 Annual Plan The new Environmental Partnership and Advocacy staff will be available to assist in community discussions on available options. 2.7 Conclusion The Waitakere Ranges are a nationally important resource. Success has been noted in the ARC’s possum control programme, especially with increasing bird numbers but, despite weed control programmes, weed pests appear to be increasing. Apart from possum control, little work has been done in the area of biodiversity protection – developing specific management plans around some of the city’s more important flora and fauna. Significant work has been carried out in the last decade on sustainable management, and good information is now available in many areas on what needs to be done - the issues that remain are generally ones of affordability and sequencing. The major exception is that of managing cumulative effects, and significant policy work is required on this. ‘Death by a thousand cuts’ is highlighted as a major issue that needs further investigation. One means of addressing this issue might be through investigation of a Ranges ‘Heritage Area’ framework. Such investigation would need to analyse a number of options, including the ‘do nothing’ or status quo option. In terms of community engagement, the Council has established good working relationships with many key groups in the Ranges, recognising that it is important to call on community expertise and support and harness community energy and resources toward protection of the Ranges. However, with the current level of resources, this work cannot be further extended. A list of actions for consideration is available on page XX. RESOURCES OF THE WAITAKERE RANGES This section sets out background information about the Waitakere Ranges and Foothills and its wildlife, biodiversity, landscape and people. 3.1 General Nature is what makes Waitakere different from the other cities of the region. Here, in the West Coast/Waitakere Ranges, the heart of the Green Network, we have a varied coastline, a great variety of habitat types and biodiversity, and a unique wilderness landscape setting for the city that provides an important visual and recreational element for the Auckland Region as a whole. The Ranges are central to the City’s identity, and strongly define our sense of place. They are a taonga, an area of significant natural and cultural heritage values, and a treasure that enriches everyone’s lives. 3.2 Area Waitakere Ranges and Foothills Land Area by District Plan Human Environment District Plan Human EnvironmentArea (hectares)PercentageWaitakere Ranges Environment 3,39413.1Bush Living Environment 1,0594.1Coastal Villages Environment 2270.9Quarry Special Area 200.1Foothills Environment 4,08115.7Birdwood Special Area 340.1Rural Village (Waitakere) 420.2Open Space Environment (Ranges & Foothills) 17,01365.8TOTAL25,870100 Source: Waitakere City Council GIS 3.3 Indigenous Biodiversity Of the Waitakere Ranges New Zealand’s indigenous biodiversity –the plants and wildlife and the places they live - have evolved in isolation over 80 million years and become distinctively ‘different’. That biodiversity is in steep decline under pressure from human activity and introduced plants and animals, with New Zealand showing one of the worst records of indigenous biodiversity loss. The Waitakere Ranges are one of the last large areas of northern coastal forest in the country, with, in parts, rare intact ecological sequences from the coast up into the hills. Already the Ranges have a distressing record of biodiversity decline, with many extinctions in the 1000 years since humans and their accompanying pests arrived. Although knowledge is limited, it is known that at least eleven native land and freshwater birds have been lost from the Ranges, three native frog species, one fish, one mammal (the short tailed bat) and perhaps three reptiles, together with at least twelve invertebrates such as insects and snails, and ten plant species, with several more that have not been sighted for years. The Waitakere Ranges are currently home to around 150 endangered animals and plants, including several colonies of the native long-tailed bat and some of the world’s rarest birds. Over a one hundred year period from the 1840s till the 1940s commercial logging of the lowland temperate rainforest of the Ranges saw virtually all of the forest milled over, with only 2% remaining undisturbed. Since then, second growth forest cover has regenerated well in the relatively moist, warm climate conditions, with 80 to 90 years of regeneration over much of the Ranges. The Waitakere Ecological District, which covers most of the Ranges, is now rich in plant life, with 542 species of higher plants, representing 20% of the flowering plant species and 60% of the ferns in New Zealand. Surveys of the vegetation of Waitakere City, including the Ranges, are described at Appendix 1 of the Green Network report, which is part of this agenda. 3.4 Freshwater Resources More than 6,800 hectares of the Ranges are in water supply catchments, with five water supply dams and reservoirs (located on the Waitakere River, the Huia Stream and three on the Nihotupu Stream) supplying water to a significant portion of the region. Land use in these catchments needs to be compatible with the water supply function. Although many of the streams in the Waitakere Ranges flow through steep, stability sensitive country, where they flow through parkland, they have some of the best quality water in the Region with significant indigenous aquatic fauna. There are a number of coastal lagoons. The Te Henga wetland, straddling the boundary of Waitakere City and Rodney District, is recognised as being of national significance, and is the home of a number of rare and threatened species. There are a number of other, smaller, wetlands remaining in the city. In addition, a number of natural lakes are located at the northern end of the Ranges, including Lake Wainamu and Lake Kawaupaku. 3.5 Coastal Resources The West Coast and Manukau Harbours are the responsibility of the Auckland Regional Council and the Ministry of Fisheries, although what happens on land (Waitakere City’s responsibility) strongly impacts on these areas. Off the West Coast there is a small population of North Island Hectors Dolphin, the world’s rarest marine dolphin, under threat due to fishing practices, and a colony of fur seals on Oaia Island. Many inter-tidal shellfish are threatened because of over-collecting and polluted runoff from the land. The west coast and Manukau coast support a number of rare and threatened ground-nesting birds, such as the New Zealand and Banded Dotterels, the Caspian Tern and the Variable Oystercatcher. The populations of grey-faced petrel, flesh-footed shearwater, sooty shearwater and the diving petrel have all faced decline in recent years. Issues affecting the west coast and Manukau coastline are dealt with in some depth in the report on coastal issues that forms part of this agenda. 3.6 Landscape The Waitakere Ranges, with its covering of native forest, provides a visual backdrop for Auckland and with its wild, predominantly natural landscapes, a counterpoint to New Zealand’s largest metropolis. Much of the landscape is far from wholly natural, with many parts being a blend of human development and occupation, particularly on the foothills and privately owned land of the Ranges. Even this landscape is still, on the whole, defined by natural features and elements. The relatively open nature of the landscape, the fields, orchards and bush remnants are valued. The privately owned land in the Ranges rings the Regional parkland and WaterCare land, being concentrated on the eastern flank of the Ranges below the Scenic Drive ridge, to the north in the Bethells Valley, to the south in Titirangi/Laingholm area and in the Manukau Harbour and West Coast villages. (see map at Appendix 1 on Page A x). Chapter 6 of the Auckland Regional Policy Statement addresses the regional significance of the Waitakere Ranges and their foothills as a nationally recognised ‘signature landscape’ that frames Auckland City. Most of the bushland, wetland, coastal, harbour and dune lands of the Waitakere Ranges/West Coast area have been identified by numerous landscape studies commissioned by both the ARC and Waitakere City, as being of outstanding landscape character. Pockets of significant settlement or cleared land such as Green Bay southwest to Laingholm, Parau, the Log Race and Raynor Roads areas of Piha and farmland within the Foothills areas are outside this classification. 3.7 Maori and European Heritage Maori have occupied the Waitakere Ranges for more than 1000 years, with Te Kawerau a Maki’s last settlement in the Waitakeres, at Te Henga, occupied until the 1950s. Te Kawerau a Maki and Ngati Whatua both claim manawhenua interests over land of the Waitakere Ranges, those areas of interest being outlined in the map in the Policy Section of the District Plan. Maori have many sites of cultural significance in the Ranges. Sites of European heritage value in the Ranges include sites and remnants associated with past settlement and the orcharding, gum-digging and Kauri logging history of the City, such as old mill sites, the rail track that linked the mill at Karekare with the wharf at Whatipu, and remains of Kauri dams. A built heritage strategy is currently under development. 3.8 Manawhenua The tribes with manawhenua status in Waitakere City are Te Kawerau a Maki and Ngati Whatua. Waitakere eco-city looks to facilitate the role of kaitiaki in safeguarding the health of the physical and spiritual environment. Te Kawerau a Maki have indicated a concern for coastal heritage protection and enhancement, for example, through their statement of resource management concerns in the District Plan. Both manawhenua have indicated that native forest and wildlife protection and restoration, the mauri of waterways/water quality/ the food producing capacity of waterways, and identification and protection of waahi tapu and sites of significance are important concerns. The opportunity for manawhenua to exercise their kaitiaki responsibilities is set up through both a resource consent referral mechanism and the iwi environment officers funded by Council. Te Taumata Runanga, a standing committee of Council, allows input from both manawhenua and pan tribal interests. 3.9 Population and dwellings With a usually resident population of 17,658 living in the Waitakere Ranges and Foothills areas in 2001, in 4,836 families, people are a key component of the Ranges. The usually resident population of the area grew by 5.9 percent over the inter-censal period 1996-2001. The map at Appendix 2, page Ax shows population change over this period. Dwellings over the same time increased from 5,724 to 6,237, 83% of which are owned rather than rented, compared with 69% in Waitakere City as a whole. A higher proportion than in the region as a whole are in full or part time employment, and the population is generally affluent, with a median personal annual income of $26,251, and median family income of $65,000, higher than the medians in both Waitakere City and the Auckland Region. The most common family type is a couple with children, and 96% of the population is of NZ European descent. A relatively high proportion of households (52%) have internet access. 3.10 Land Ownership A great proportion of the nearly 26,000 hectares of land in the Waitakere Ranges and Foothills is in public ownership. This includes the ARC’s Waitakere Ranges Regional parkland (around 9,700ha, including the Whatipu accretion land) and land owned by Watercare Services Ltd for water supply purposes but administered on their behalf by the ARC (6,500 ha). Waitakere City parkland totals 280 hectares and the Council owned quarry (20 hectares) is also located within the Ranges. The remaining approximately 8,800 hectares are in private ownership, with small pieces owned by Auckland University, the Acclimatisation Group and the Waitakere Ranges Protection Society, and managed mostly for conservation and scientific purposes. OwnershipLand Area (hectares)Percentage of total areaPublicly Owned Open SpaceAuckland Regional Council (ARC)9,09235.2ARC accretion land, Whatipu6422.5Water Care Services Ltd (WSL) land administered by ARC644824.9Water Care Services Ltd3901.5Waitakere City Council (WCC)2761.1Department of Conservation1650.6Total Open Space17,013 65.8Private OwnershipAcclimatisation Group9.03Waitakere Ranges Protection Society6.02Aio Wira Centre6.02Auckland University College21.08Other879534.0Total private ownership883734.2TOTAL25,850 100Source: Waitakere City Property and Ownership databases June 2002. 4. VALUES OF THE WAITAKERE RANGES Consultation undertaken over the past 10 years as part of the development of the Strategic and District Plans, structure plans and the West Coast Plan have indicated that the natural values of the Waitakere Ranges are highly valued by iwi, residents and visitors from Waitakere City and the wider community alike. Reasons for the Ranges being valued are: Nature/indigenous biodiversity Clean water Food sources Maori cultural relationships Human history/past land use and built heritage structures Recreational opportunities Landscape, beauty, aesthetic value. Artistic, inspirational and spiritual values - promote physical and mental health Learning opportunities Potential for models of sustainable use – an area that supports economic livelihoods, cultural values and aesthetic concerns, is socially and spiritually satisfying, and in harmony with nature. 5. STRATEGIC CONTEXT 5.1 The Greenprint In 1993, Waitakere City was declared an eco-city, on a pathway to sustainability. In 1996, the Council’s Greenprint, commits to: Providing a vision Taking a holistic approach to sustainable development – interconnecting people/environment/community Having a long-term perspective Taking a precautionary approach Encouraging community-led initiatives – economic/social/environmental Providing for partnerships The Greenprint recognises the central importance of the West Coast, Waitakere Ranges and their foothills, and emphasises Waitakere Eco-city’s clear responsibility, as a community, to protect and restore the environment and ensure that its values are available for future generations. The Plan sets out as the basis of the strategy, protection and restoration of existing valued environments and built heritage, construction of a Green Network linking the Ranges with the sea and harbour through green fingers, bringing nature, history and heritage into everyday life, and involvement of the community in protecting and restoring their environment. 5.2 The District Plan Control of land use and subdivision is a function of Territorial Local Authorities under the Resource Management Act (RMA), and the main regulatory means of management is through the policies, rules and implementation of the District Plan. Employment of ‘non-regulatory’ means of achieving environmental objectives has become increasingly important since the introduction of the RMA in 1991, with the requirement under Section 32 of this legislation to analyse alternative methods before arriving at a decision on the appropriate means of achieving an objective. Over some decades now, the District Plan, and in particular its subdivision rules, has been the major management tool to contain urban expansion and thus protect the Ranges from urban sprawl. 5.2.1 Transitional District Plan (notified 1984 under the Town and Country Planning Act) Landscape protection provisions, groundbreaking at the time, have been part of the District Plan since the early 1980’s. The Transitional District Scheme, through its Landscape Protection and Non-urban Residential zones, put in place a range of standardised minimum lot sizes varying from 20 hectares in sensitive West Coast areas, through 4 hectares over most of the Ranges, to 2,000m2 in the sewered areas of Titirangi/ Laingholm. This plan included bush clearance controls in the Ranges, and building design and colour provisions to protect landscape values. 5.2.2 Proposed District Plan (notified 1995 under the Resource Management Act (RMA) 1991) The Proposed District Plan, in line with the Resource Management Act, recognised the importance of protecting biodiversity as well as landscape. Much of the underpinning for protection for the Green Network lies in the RMA Sections 5 and 6, reproduced in Appendix 5 of the Green Network report in this agenda, at Page Ax. Substantial effort was put into researching and recording the natural and landscape values of the city for the purposes of the District Plan. This Plan puts in place two management layers, the ‘Human Environment’ layer and the ‘Natural Area’ layer, each of which has attached policies and methods, including rules. The Natural Area layer forms the basis for the Green Network, and elements of this layer are described in Appendix 6 of the Green Network report in this agenda, at Page Ax. Most of the Green Network values of the City protected through the Proposed District Plan lie within the bounds of the Waitakere Ranges. The subdivision provisions for the Ranges area and for the Foothills have attempted to define a bottom line for the sustainable management of the environment, beyond which subdivision cannot proceed, by developing rules under the Resource Management Act that define environmental reasons why certain types of development should not proceed. In line with the permissive intent of the Act, development which does not give rise to environmental effects may proceed, given appropriate approvals. a. Subdivision Provisions in the Waitakere Ranges and Bush Living Environments The subdivision provisions for these areas use a mix of the two layers, Human Environments and Natural Areas, to essentially provide for larger lot sizes in areas of significant natural value, and to encourage on-site development to locate away from the important natural values identified through the Natural Area layer of the proposed Plan (the Protected and Managed Natural Areas, the Coastal Natural Area and the Riparian Margin and Coastal Edge Natural Areas). This approach in the proposed Plan provided for larger minimum lot sizes on some areas of Titirangi/Laingholm than had been in place in the preceding District Scheme, a change that fuelled debate over appropriate levels of subdivision and development in the Ranges. Controversy over the approach generated a significant number of submissions and a number of references to the Environment Court, seeking both a more and less stringent approach. Council programmes to deal with this issue are detailed later in the report. b. Foothills Subdivision The Foothills of the Waitakere Ranges have been viewed for decades as a ‘buffer area’ protecting the Ranges from the impacts of urbanisation. A number of Environment Court decisions in the 1980’s reinforced this role for the Foothills, by supporting the 4ha minimum site size that applied over much of the area. The 1995 Proposed District Plan provided for a structure plan approach to subdivision in the Foothills, which in mitigating the effects of subdivision, would provide environmental benefits such as planting. The structure plan for the Foothills area of the Oratia catchment was incorporated in the proposed plan as notified in 1995, with the Plan’s intention being that structure plans would be progressively developed for the remaining catchments of the Foothills and Countryside Environments. The structure plan approach did not utilise a standard lot size, but rather ascertained development potential for each site on its own merits, and set subdivision provisions taking into account cumulative effects in the catchment, particularly landscape, stability, wastewater, stormwater and downstream flooding. Depending on the extent of natural and landscape values to be protected on the site and natural hazards or adverse effects to be avoided, remedied or mitigated, limited new lots were provided for. The Oratia Structure Plan provisions have been finalised through the Environment Court, and subdivision applications are being received. The hearing has been held on the Structure Plan for Birdwood, and the proposed Waiarohia and Swanson Structure Plans have been notified. There is budget in the 2002/03 Annual Plan to commence work on a structure plan for the Opanuku (Henderson Valley) catchment. Issues relating to the structure plans are discussed later in this report. 5.3 Other Waitakere City Policy Work Under the umbrella of the Greenprint and the subsequent Waitakere City Strategic Plan (2000) a number of pieces of policy work were completed that reinforced the strategic direction of protection for the city’s natural values. These included the Water Cycle Strategy (1995) and the Urban Stormwater Strategy and Action Plan which have made concern for waterways and the life therein an integral part of stormwater management in the city, the Parks Strategy, which brought about a focus on the natural and landscape value of parks and open space, as well as on the recreational value, and the Weeds Strategy, which set out priorities for attacking the city’s weed problem. Other packages include the Green Network Community Assistance policy, Reserve Management Plans, which provide a framework for carrying out future management of reserves in an integrated way, and the Eco-sourcing Policy and Guidelines. 5.4 The West Coast Plan The West Coast Plan, launched in August 2001, was initiated by the Council, but developed by the community through a consensus process over a period of four years. The process brought together the communities of the west coast, ranges, and visitors to the area to develop the vision and action plan for the future of the West Coast and Waitakere Ranges. The West Coast Plan, while it has no legal status, has a role as a guide to relevant authorities when developing policies and projects that impact on the area. The West Coast Plan Liaison Group has subsequently been set up to promote the Plan’s objectives and to act as an advocacy and monitoring group. 5.5 Central and Regional Government Policy Under the RMA (1991) the Council’s policy must not be inconsistent with any National Policy statement or Regional Policy Statement or Plan. The National Coastal Policy Statement sets out general policy for protection of New Zealand’s natural coastal values, and the publication ‘Bio-what? – Addressing the effects of private land management on indigenous biodiversity values’ was released in February 2000. This report discusses biodiversity values on private land and the possible role of the government in compensating private landowners for providing biodiversity services to society. The Regional Policy Statement sets out Regional Policy direction for the Natural values of the region. There are also a number of relevant regional plans, including the Regional Weeds and Pests strategies, the Regional Plan: Coastal, the Regional Plan: Sediment Control and the proposed Regional Air, Land and Water Plan. The ARC has also published the ‘2000 Low Impact Design Manual’, which provides a guide to development in sympathy with nature in rural areas. The Reserve Management Plans for the Waitakere Regional Parkland (ARC) contain management policy for the reserve lands of the Waitakere Ranges, and for Water Care Services water catchment land administered by the ARC on behalf of Water Care Services. A Regional Open Space Strategy is currently under development. 6. ISSUES Issues generally stem from the effects of pressures on resources. The natural and heritage resources of the Waitakere Ranges are: indigenous vegetation Indigenous wildlife (including aquatic wildlife) Landscape values and views Natural water bodies (streams, lakes, wetlands, harbours and coastal waters) Sites of cultural significance to Maori Heritage sites of significance to Europeans The Waitakere Ranges and West Coast are undergoing a constant process of change as a result of both human and non-human forces. Pressures on the natural and heritage resources of the Ranges and coast stem from: The spread of weeds and introduced pests, and their impact on biodiversity Visitor numbers – pressure on the environment and facilities such as toilets, roads, carparks, pressure for more facilities such as restaurants, shops and fuel stations Subdivision and development, with the accompanying infrastructure, bush clearance, building, increase in domestic cats and ‘garden escape’ weeds, and impact on downstream stormwater flows Exploitation of resources such as water, fish, shellfish, firewood and metal, Landuses such as farming and horticulture, roading and on-site sewage disposal that can introduce pollutants into waterways biosecurity failures such as the painted apple moth In the longer term, global processes such as climate change are the ultimate threat to native biodiversity as we know it in the Ranges. Some of these pressures on the Waitakere Ranges and Green Network are discussed below, together with Council’s current work programme to address them, results of monitoring, gaps and possible future actions, including the possibility of a Waitakere Ranges ‘Heritage Area’ or ‘Special Character Area’, to address the issues round ‘death by a thousand cuts’ - the adverse cumulative impacts of many small actions on the Waitakere Ranges. 6.1 Weeds Weed management in the Green Network is covered in depth in another report in this agenda. This section deals with weeds in the Ranges. 6.1.1 The Problem Weeds and animal pests are one of the biggest dangers to the health of native ecosystems in the Ranges. Many plants that have become environmentally damaging weeds have attractive flowers or berries, such as Kahili Ginger and Cotoneaster and have been introduced into the Ranges by people planting them in their gardens. They are then spread into the surrounding bush by birds or other natural means of dispersal, or illegal dumping of garden waste into streams and parkland, and in Waitakere’s warm, moist climate they out-compete native plant regeneration and eventually take over the bush, either smothering the vegetation or repressing regeneration. A forest without healthy understoreys of regeneration will survive only as long as the existing trees – perhaps one or two hundred years, as opposed to tens of thousands of years for a healthily regenerating forest. The weed and pest problems ensure that the indigenous vegetation of the Waitakere Ranges cannot be adequately managed by passive protection - an active management programme is necessary. 6.1.2 Responsibilities The ARC has legal responsibility for weed and pest control in the Region under Regional Weed and Pest Management strategies developed under the Biosecurity Act 1993. Waitakere City bears responsibility for weed management on Council-owned land, and shares responsibility with the ARC for protection of significant indigenous vegetation from adverse effects. Council has a Weed Management Strategy (2000) consistent with the ARC’s document, which sets out Council’s long-term goals and objectives and provides a framework to guide the Council in identifying, prioritising and managing weed impacts. 6.1.3 Weeds on Private Land in the Ranges a. Monitoring Results An ecological analysis of the environmental weeds present in the Waitakere Ranges was conducted in 1994, and as a component of this, 569 residential gardens were surveyed throughout the Ranges. In 1998, these residential gardens were resurveyed, and a 5% average increase in abundance of all weed species across all localities was found. This indicates that attempts to reduce plant pests and to educate the community on the threat environmental weeds pose to the Ranges have not been sufficient, and the battle may be being lost, although weed programmes since 1998 may be having a positive impact. b. Programmes Council programmes to reduce weeds on private land include the District Plan controls on planting of ‘environmentally damaging plants’ and ‘removable vegetation’, assistance to private landowners in developing weed management plans, articles on weeds in local papers and newsletters, advice on weed management and control, and information pamphlets. Partnership programmes initiated by Council such as the Keep Waitakere Beautiful work with the Weedfree Waitakere Trust and the community in such programmes as the War on Weeds, weed identification workshops, adopt a spot and operation spring clean may be making inroads together with Council work with Landcare groups and landowners on weed management. 6.1.4 Weeds on Publicly Owned Land Council needs to continue to demonstrate commitment to managing weeds on Council-owned parks, roadside land, esplanade reserves and the Waitakere quarry, through the framework set out in the Council’s Weeds Strategy. Many of these areas, roads and streamsides in particular, create ‘weed corridors’ that allow weeds to spread into the remote heart of the Ranges. Current projects towards remedying these impacts include trials on roadside berm revegetation with appropriate native species, and staged programmes for streamside weed removal and revegetation. The Council needs to take advantage of all opportunities for advocacy with the Auckland Regional Council (ARC), Water Care Services and the Department of Conservation (DoC) to ensure adequate resources are going into weed control on Waitakere Regional Parkland, Watercare Services water supply catchment land and DoC land. The resource consents for the water supply dams in the Ranges are due for renewal in the near future under the expiry provisions of the Resource Management Act, an opportunity for Council to question the weed control in the water catchment land. Watercare’s lease agreement includes the control of weeds, but, understandably, perhaps, the use of herbicides in the water catchment land is not favoured. At the same time, weeds are becoming a big problem in the area, for example, whilst the Council, Rodney District and the ARC are attempting to get rid of Crack and Grey willow in the Waitakere Wetland, there are still willows upstream in the dam catchment area which can easily spread downstream. 6.1.5 Where to from here with weeds? Waitakere City has made great strides in the past five years, from a position of dealing only with agricultural weeds such as gorse, to a situation where the threat posed to biodiversity by weeds is recognised, the problem identified, a framework for action set through the Weeds Strategy, and a number of implementation projects are underway. However, indications are that current programmes, while they are making inroads in some areas, are generally failing to contain the problem. There is a need for continuing monitoring of the situation, and a case to be made for: Revamped information and education on the danger posed by weeds to indigenous ecosystems, and the threat posed by the dumping of garden waste Stronger advocating of responsible garden planting, including information on exotic garden plants that can safely be used in the Ranges Encouragement and stronger incentives for removal of current populations of weed species from private land (for example, free weed disposal at the Transfer Station. At present, a trailer load of weeds, or green waste, costs $12 to dispose of.) More capacity in the area of advice and guidance on methods of weed elimination and disposal Continuing development of partnership programmes with the community, for example, joint development of weed management plans with landowners Advocacy with the ARC and Water Care Services to ensure adequate resources are going into weed control on Waitakere Regional Parkland and water supply catchment land Co-operation with the ARC, DoC, Rodney District, other agencies, landowners, environmental groups and the community, to ensure integrated weed programmes across different jurisdictions and land tenures in the Ranges. Provision for the new environmental Partnerships and Advocacy position in the 2002/03 Annual Plan will assist in expanding Council’s capacity to develop and strengthen community partnerships. Adequate funding for resources and programmes to combat weeds is, however, likely to be an ongoing issue, and research into means of attracting external funding for protection of this nationally important resource, the Waitakere Ranges, from weeds and pests is an option that needs to be carefully considered. 6.2 Pests 6.2.1 The Problem Introduced pests include possums, which eat native vegetation, particularly preferred species such as Pohutakawa, Rata and Kohekohe, and also eat eggs and chicks of native birds. Other pests are rats, feral cats, mustilids such as stoats, weasels and ferrets, pigs, magpies, mynahs and the ‘banjo frog’, and biosecurity failures such as the Painted Apple Moth. Domestic cats also predate native wildlife; not only birds but also other species such as frogs, geckos, wetas and other insects. Goats have been eradicated from the Ranges, but wild pigs remain, and are hunted for sport, with the suspicion that piglets are regularly released to ensure continuation of this sport. 6.2.2 Responsibilities The ARC has prime responsibility for management of pests in the Ranges, and responsibility with Waitakere City for protection of indigenous vegetation and fauna. Waitakere City has responsibility as landowner for pest control on Council owned parks and reserve lands. The Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry undertakes responsibility for biosecurity, although in the case of the Painted Apple Moth, the fear is that Central government will move from an eradication to a control outcome, thus effectively moving responsibility from Central to local and regional government. 6.2.3 Pest Monitoring Results and Programmes Most ARC emphasis to date has gone into reducing possums, which have been shown to severely browse palatable vegetation species to the edge of extinction, and are known to eat the eggs and young of native wildlife. There has been a huge increase in possum control in the Ranges in the past four years. The ARC uses the ‘residual trap catch’ method to monitor possum populations in the Ranges. This consists of monitoring traplines and calculating the percentage of each 100 traps that have caught a possum. Monitoring in 1997 found average trap catches as follows in catchments in the Waitakere Ranges: Waitakere 17% Nihotupu 24% Huia 22% Piha 18% In the Oratia Valley in 1997, one trapline registered an 80% catch for the first four nights. The Ranges were becoming overrun with possums. In 1998 the ARC initiated ‘Operation Forest Save’, an intensive trapping and baiting programme, not only within parkland boundaries, but also over a significant area of private property in the Foothills, Coastal Villages, Ranges and north into Rodney. By 1999 trap catches had been reduced to less than 2.5% in all catchments, with over 80,000 possums removed from the Ranges. The ARC intends to maintain the success of this programme through a 3-4 year rotation programme. Waitakere City Council runs a complementary possum control programme on Waitakere City reserve land, for example along the Opanuku and Swanson stream corridors in the foothills. Little effort is currently going into control of other pests such as mustilids and rats, although the ARC does provide support and training for Landcare groups getting involved in pest management. The ARC is currently working with two successful volunteer landcare groups at Lone Kauri Road and La Trobe Track in Karekare, who are setting and monitoring traps to reduce mustilid and rat numbers over an area of about 300 hectares, effectively creating pest-free ‘mainland islands’. The ‘Ark in the Park’ is a community initiative for another mainland island, as yet in its early stages. 6.3 Forest and Bird Health The ARC carries out forest health monitoring, particularly to track the changes in ecological health resulting from Operation Forest Save. Both ARC and Waitakere City have monitored birds in the Waitakere Ranges prior to and following the introduction of Operation Forest Save in 1998/99. 6.3.1 Forest Health Two main methods are used by the ARC for forest monitoring. Monitoring of 13 permanent transects in forest throughout the Waitakere Ranges Regional parkland to assess changes in forest health as a result of possum browse was undertaken in 1995, 1997 and 1999. Results show a continuing reduction over that period in tree crown health, a reduction in average foliage density and an increase in dieback. Monitoring of the health of forty-one northern rata trees (a favourite possum food) in the Waitakere Ranges through relocatable photo points showed similar results. In 1995 over half of the 27 trees analysed had levels of browse over 10% and nearly 20% of the trees had browse levels greater than 20%. By 1999 the level of browse had increased over the previous four years. Forests take about 5 years to recover from high animal pest numbers, and it is expected that the next Forest Health assessment planned for winter 2002 will show good forest recovery, and a reversal of these trends. 6.3.2 Birds Waitakere City monitors birds in the forest remnants of the foothills in the Tamaki Ecological District, complementing the ARC’s monitoring programme in the Ranges. Five-minute bird count sites in the foothills at Tram Valley Road (Waitakere) and Swanson measure presence or absence of species, and found tui, kingfisher, kereru, fantail, warbler and silvereye present at both sites over the surveys in 1998 1999 and 2001. Tui numbers were considered low at all sites, and the 2001 survey indicated a further decrease. A decrease was also noted in kereru at the Swanson site. The news is better in the Waitakere Ranges proper, where the ARC has undertaken five-minute bird counts annually in early summer, on a range of different forest types on nine widely spaced tracks in the Ranges (15 counts per track). The counts have been done since 1997 prior to Operation Forest Save, with 135 counts conducted each year. After five years of gathering bird count data, the ARC reports that a statistically significant increase in forest bird numbers is now apparent. The increase in Kereru (pigeon), Tui, Fantails and Tomtits is shown on the graph at Page Ax. The points on the graph represent the total numbers of each species counted in each annual series of 135 five minute counts. Operation Forest Save and subsequent maintenance possum control programmes in the Ranges is resulting in recovery of these forest bird species. Most at risk now are ground nesting birds, mainly coastal, and many are in serious decline. 6.3.3 Where to from here with Birds? Despite the good results reported above, overall native bird numbers are still low in the Waitakere Ranges. To increase populations, it is important to continue support for ARC, Waitakere City and local community programmes designed to reduce bush clearance and fragmentation, protect and restore habitat that provides bird food and nesting sites and reduce predators and animal pests that compete with native wildlife for food and nesting sites. With forest bird numbers starting to recover in the Ranges proper, it seems these bird numbers may be more at risk in the fragmented bush remnants of the foothills. Comment from the contractor carrying out the Waitakere City counts in these areas indicates that the quality of the habitat at the counting site has declined in a number of cases. If the decreasing trend in numbers is confirmed, closer monitoring and management will be required to find and address the reasons. Now that possum numbers have been successfully reduced, cats, rats and mustilids are likely the major pest threat to bird numbers, particularly ground nesting birds. Many ground nesting birds are coastal, and numbers will probably not recover until these pests are reduced along the coast. Because stoats can travel long distances in a night, effective control does need to be over a significant area. To continue the work on turning around the decline, Council needs to find creative ways to work together with the community to identify and address threats, not only to native birds, but also to other indigenous species. More Council support of community initiatives such as the concept of predator free sanctuaries in the Ranges, for example Ark in the Park, and the Lone Kauri Road and La Trobe Track community based intensive predator control programmes, is needed. Council provision for the new Partnerships and Advocacy position in the 2002/03 Annual Plan will assist in strengthening such community partnerships. 6.4 Natural Water- bodies Stormwater has a major impact on the health of water bodies, both in terms of the quantity and quality as pollution from, for example, roads, farming and horticultural uses is carried by stormwater into the streams. Bush clearance and creation of impermeable surfaces increase runoff, velocity and peak flows during flooding, causing scouring, erosion and removal of aquatic fauna. Conversely, there is a decrease in the amount of groundwater available to feed summer flows in the streams. Policy developed through the Water Cycle Strategy, the Comprehensive Stormwater Strategy and the ARC low-impact guidelines now provides for Council stormwater management in line with protection of downstream catchments and ecosystems. The report on stormwater issues that forms part of this agenda explores some of the issues around protection of the Green Network from the effects of stormwater in more depth. Issues particular to the Ranges are set out below. The resource consents for the water supply dams in the Ranges are due for renewal in the near future under the expiry provisions of the Resource Management Act, and Council needs to advocate strongly for minimum flow standards into streams fed by the dams sufficient to support aquatic life downstream of the dams. Many of the streams in the Ranges are prone to scouring and sedimentation, particularly if subjected to higher flows or more frequent flooding resulting from bush clearance and/or upstream development, for example, in Laingholm, in an area from the Scenic Drive to the Manukau Harbour, erosion of the soft stream banks is a big issue. Streams need to be protected from the adverse effects of malfunctioning or badly sited septic tanks. For example, the Titirangi/ Laingholm sewer extension had to be installed in the 1980s due to concerns about the effect of septic tanks in the area on water quality in the streams. Ongoing monitoring at west coast beaches indicates that many of the coastal lagoons, lakes and streams have poor recreation and bathing water quality, with public health warning signs needed on a number of occasions throughout the year. A project undertaken in consultation with the community at Piha/Karekare over recent years has identified work required on a number of local wastewater disposal systems. Eco Water Solutions has funding in the 2002/03 year to continue the water quality programme at Piha/Karekare and to initiate a programme in Huia/Cornwallis, in conjunction with the community, to identify and address the issues. Flooding is a problem in some areas of the Ranges, such as Western Road and Fawcett Road in Laingholm. In an area from French Bay to Huia, culverts are commonly blocked by sand drift, causing localised flooding. 6.5 Iwi Issues Both Te Kawerau a Maki and Ngati Whatua have lodged blanket claims over the Waitakere Ranges area and beyond, to the Waitangi Tribunal. The long-term goal is management of the publicly owned lands in the Ranges. Currently, it appears likely that the Auckland area claims may be heard round the year 2005. One of the pressing issues for iwi is the need to properly identify sites of cultural significance in the Ranges (and elsewhere in the city). These include, for example, waahi tapu, the old foot and canoe trails used by Maori to travel to and from the Ranges, and springs used for ceremonial purposes. Although there is a programme underway to identify waahi tapu on Waitakere City Council parks, information for other waahi tapu and sites is held at a number of locations around the region, including the Council, the ARC and the Historic Places Trust, and there is no comprehensive electronic database. Nor is there adequate monitoring of the state of sites of significance to iwi. Long term management and protection of these sites is, therefore, at risk. A comprehensive and easily accessible database, preferably electronic, is needed to ensure that manawhenua can properly exercise kaitiakitanga over these resources. From Council’s point of view, this would help to fulfil the obligation under Section 6 (e) of the Resource Management Act ‘Matters of national Importance’ to recognise and provide for ‘the relationship of Maori and their culture and traditions with their ancestral lands, water, sites, waahi tapu, and other taonga . The database would include: ˇđ a description of the significance of the site, ˇđ photos, maps, and historic and recent aerial photography to assist in management and monitoring, ˇđ access issues, and ˇđ management information, including the level of protection necessary for the site, and the level of security required for the files. This project would need to be carried out in partnership with iwi, the ARC, the Ministry for the Environment and the Historic Places Trust. Iwi have also indicated an interest in developing and implementing ecological and heritage restoration projects in the Ranges, similar to the ‘Whenua Rangatira’ programme in Auckland City. The Council could explore ways that this might be facilitated. Visitors By the late 19th century the Waitakere Ranges were already becoming a tourist attraction for their scenic and curative qualities, and it is now estimated that more than 4 million people visit the Waitakere Ranges each year, with an average of around 2,000 vehicles heading to Piha each day during the height of summer (Waitakere City vehicle counts). Visitors to the ARC’s Arataki Centre alone average 155,000 per year. The main visitor facilities and services are roads, walking tracks, signage, carparks, toilets at beaches, several outdoor education camps, a number of all-tide boat ramps and significantly more high-tide only ramps, a camping ground at Piha, a golf course at Cascade/Kauri Park and the Arataki Visitor Centre. The main issue for the environment is management of visitors to avoid, or at the least remedy, their impact on the natural and heritage values of the Ranges. For example, the increase in numbers using some of the roads in the Ranges is bringing about consideration of road widening, passing bays, and perhaps footpaths in some areas, for safety reasons. These can have significant effects on natural values, as detailed in Section 5.7 (below) of this report, and it is suggested that guidelines be developed for new road works in environmentally sensitive areas, to ensure that impacts are minimised. The Waitakere Ranges Visitor Management Strategy needs to take a quadruple bottom line approach, and will be brought back to Council during the next financial year. 6.6 Infrastructure 6.7.1 Water supply and sewerage Most of the Ranges have neither reticulated sewerage or water supply. Exceptions are the parts of Titirangi/ Laingholm within the Metropolitan Urban Limits, which are serviced with a reticulated water supply and sewerage infrastructure connecting to the Mangere Treatment Plant, and parts of the Bush Living Environment at the northern end of the Ranges that are serviced with a reticulated water supply, but no reticulated sewerage. Most properties in the Ranges are serviced by on-site systems, mainly rainwater tanks and septic tanks. To combat the threat posed to water quality in groundwater and streams by inadequately maintained septic tanks, the Council has instituted a rates funded regular cleanout of all septic tank systems in the City boundaries. In recognition of the inappropriateness of septic tank disposal in many of the heavy clay soils of the area, Council is monitoring and providing information on a number of alternative on-site sewage disposal systems. In Piha, a project to research and address ways of cleaning up the stream and lagoon, in conjunction with iwi and the community, is being reinstated. 6.7.2 Roads Large tracts of the Ranges are accessible only by foot. The main vehicle access routes to the Ranges are Titirangi Road, Shaw Road, the West Coast Road or Swanson Road, to the Scenic Drive, which runs along the spine of the Ranges. Access to the West Coast is via a number of no exit roads to Bethells/Te Henga, Piha/Karekare/Anawhata, and Huia/Whatipu. A ford is located on the Huia Road at Little Huia and this stretch of road has a heritage character valued by the community. Beyond, the road to Whatipu is, by policy, to remain unsealed as one method of protecting the wilderness character of the stretch of coastline at the northern Manukau Heads. Works associated with roads and footpaths can damage native vegetation and waterways by impacting on root systems of mature trees, especially surface feeders such as Kauri, and by changing drainage patterns, introducing pollutants and increasing instability. Badly designed stream crossings can block fish passage. Care needs to be taken with stormwater, earthworks and disposal of fill, and with suitable restoration of slip faces, which can easily become sources of weed infestation for the surrounding bushland. Roads themselves tend to be ‘weed corridors, and trials of appropriate native vegetation for road berm areas in the Ranges are being carried out. Once this information is available, berm weed removal and planting programmes will be needed. Road kill is a threat to some native species, and Council has installed a ‘frog tunnel’ under the Scenic Drive near a known location of Hochstetters Frogs, to try and reduce this threat. The physical and visual impact of roads and footpaths (where necessary) in the Ranges area can be reduced, and the area’s character reinforced by good design. With increasing population and visitors in the Ranges, safety issues are arising, and the City will need to consider developing passing lanes and pull-off bays on some roads. Development of design guides for roading works in the environmentally sensitive areas of the Ranges and west coast is needed. 6.7.3 Power and Communications The visual impact of power and communication infrastructure has long been controversial in this visually sensitive environment, as power poles and lines, telecommunication towers and the like can interrupt a scenic view and detract from the natural character of the landscape, for example, the pole on the main road lookout over Piha, and the communications mast standing on the Scenic Drive ridgeline at Waiatarua. Many of the roads in the Ranges and Coastal Villages are reticulated with overhead lines (although much of the Piha Road and the Scenic Drive currently remains clear of such infrastructure). Programmes to underground such infrastructure are costly, and a piece of work is needed to set priorities for undergrounding, taking into account the possible threats to vegetation of trenching and thrusting techniques, and the (possibly equal) need to clear vegetation away from overhead lines. District Plan rules effectively require a resource consent for most new power or communication infrastructure other than that intended to be installed underground, and this mechanism allows discussions to take place with applicants over environmentally sensitive installation, and public consultation to take place where appropriate. 6.8 Natural Hazards Natural hazards with the potential to most affect the Ranges and coastal settlements include instability and erosion, sea level rise and fire. Much of the area of the Ranges has been identified as being ‘stability sensitive’ and has been marked on Council’s hazard maps as such. When an application for building consent is received in such an area, design by a registered engineer is required. This land is also very susceptible to changes in drainage patterns such as may be caused by roading works or building, and in much of the area, advice has been that such risk should be avoided. Coastal erosion is a real issue, particularly around the Manukau harbour coastline, and sea level rise as a result of climate change may effect low-lying coastal areas such as French Bay and Laingholm. These issues are dealt with in greater depth by the report on Coastal Issues. Fire is a risk in the vegetated areas of the Ranges, with areas of gorse, exotics such as gums and indigenous ‘nursery crops’ such as Manuka and Kanuka being the most at risk. To reduce the risk, Council sets fire seasons that require a permit for lighting of any fires in the open air between December 1st and April 30th, and provide for authorisation of a total fire ban during periods of severe drought. 6.9 Waitakere Quarry The Waitakere Quarry is owned by the Council and is of financial importance to the Council for the revenue from its road metal, which was $260,000 (net of costs) in 2001/02. It is in the heart of the northern Waitakere bushland on Te Henga Road in the Waitipu Stream gully. It is the only quarry in the Auckland region situated in an area of native bush. There are four main issues – protection of the high quality bush, managing the area to ensure the quarry is not a source of weed infestation, sedimentation and pollution into the Waitipu Stream, and noise from quarry operations. At stake is Council responsibility as landowner, neighbour and steward of the land. 6.9.1 Quarry Bush Protection Within the quarry Special Area is a range of continuous high quality ridge, slope and gully forests of higher quality than much of the adjacent Centennial Memorial Park. The Quarry Management Plan indicates an area, identified as the least significant vegetation, to be used for quarrying purposes to the end of the Management Plan life in 2020. The remainder high quality vegetation is marked as buffer area to be protected, with a Council resolution in 1993 to initiate the process of putting in place a reserve status over this area. Implementation was deferred to enable evaluation of rock reserves in the area, but budget has not been available for this process. The reserve process has therefore been recently initiated. 6.9.2 Quarry Noise In response to a number of noise complaints from surrounding residences over the noise from the rock crusher, the crusher was relocated several years ago to an area that better contains noise within the site. 6.9.3 Quarry Water quality The Waitipu Stream flows through the quarry, and thence to the Waitakere River and the nationally significant Te Henga wetland. There have, in the past, been problems with sediment from the quarry entering the stream. The management of the quarry has been tightened up in recent years, with regular monitoring and a Community Consultative Committee in operation since 1991. As a result, one sediment pond has been shut down and another repaired. 6.9.4 Quarry Weeds The quarry, and especially the exposed rock faces, is a perfect environment for the invasion and proliferation of invasive weeds. There is the danger that the quarry can become a weed infestation source for the northern Waitakere Ranges, through natural dispersion methods (such as birds and wind), or through being trucked out of the quarry with the metal or carried down the stream corridor. Pampas grass and wattle are the most common weeds in the quarry. Council is making some progress with the issue, spending around $55,000 on revegetation and $7,500 on contract supervision in the current year (2001-02). Weeds on the walls of the old quarry require removal by the more expensive means of abseiling or helicopter, and cannot at this stage be accommodated within existing budgets. In order to better combat weed infestation, Waitakere City Council has adopted a policy of rolling revegetation of areas no longer required for quarry operations. Some of this area has been successfully revegetated, mainly in Manuka. An innovative method of revegetation is currently being trialled, with the removal of entire areas of forest required for new quarrying, together with the soil and forest floor leaf litter, to areas of the quarry in need of reinstatement. The aim is that more of the ecosystem, including soil microbes, insects and other forest floor species will be saved and a complex forest ecosystem more quickly and readily established. Strides have been taken in recent years to ensure ongoing responsible quarry management, and the initiation of the reserve designation process for the buffer area in the quarry management plan is a very positive step. Good ongoing management with adequate resourcing, especially to combat weeds and sediment pollution are required. 6.10 Lake Wainamu Lake Wainamu, a ‘dune impounded’ lake in the northern Waitakere Ranges, is a protected geological feature and at 14hectares in area and 15 metres maximum depth, the largest lake in Waitakere City. The lake has been regularly monitored every three months since 1992. Data shows a sudden and progressive deterioration in lake water quality from the mid 1990’s due to high nutrient concentrations. The consequent increase in phytoplankton is causing the lake to become greener and lose its water clarity, with the ARC indicating the potential for eutrophication to occur. The ARC is highlighting the importance of careful land management in the Wainamu catchment to ensure that the nutrient load of the lake (from organic matter) is not increased. The ARC has commissioned work on the Lake to ascertain the causes of the deterioration and what can be done. It was initially believed that a species of coarse fish in the lake was a major contributor, but initial findings do not bear out this theory. The final NIWA report is due in the near future. Waitakere City Council has assisted the ARC where possible in its work on Lake Wainamu, but could do more in the way of developing partnerships with the ARC, local landowners and the community to find ways to combat further deterioration and, if possible, restore the water quality of the lake. Council provision for the new Partnerships and Advocacy position in the 2002/03 Annual Plan will strengthen Council’s capacity to develop such partnerships. 6.11 Waitakere Wetland The Waitakere Wetland, at Bethells/Te Henga, is the largest wetland in the Auckland Region, and nationally important for its endangered bird, fish and plant species. Tenure and responsibilities are complex. The boundary between Waitakere City and Rodney District Councils runs through the middle of the wetland, with around half of the wetland’s catchments under each territorial authority’s jurisdiction. Much of the wetland is in private ownership, with blocks also owned by the Fish and Game Council and the Royal Forest and Bird Society. Little monitoring is carried out on the health of the wetland and its fauna, but work on prioritising weed threats has indicated that combating infestation by willows, particularly Crack and Grey Willow, and waterweed such as the Mexican Water Lily are the first priorities. Waitakere City and Rodney District have each contributed funds over the past few years to work on the willow infestation, and progress has been made in the top of the wetland and its catchment. The ARC funds work on a number of environmental weeds in the wetland, including the willows. Commitment to this programme is needed over the medium term. The existing Waitakere Catchment Management Plan with its narrow focus on flooding is outdated, and a new plan and implementation programme is now needed for the Waitakere River catchment, including Lake Wainamu and the Waitakere Wetland. Council needs to initiate talks with the Rodney District Council, the Auckland Regional Council, WaterCare Services Limited, iwi, the Waitakere Ranges Protection Society, landowners, the community, the local Rivercare and Beach Care groups and other interested parties with the aim of developing a new catchment management plan for the Waitakere River catchment, lakes and wetland. Again, Council provision for the new Partnerships and Advocacy position in the 2002/03 Annual Plan will assist in strengthening such partnerships, especially around joint management programmes for the wetland. 6.12 Subdivision and Development – Private Land At the base of the eastern foothills lies the Metropolitan Urban Limit, the ‘fence around the green’ marking the urban-rural interface. Historically, the urban edge has moved ever outwards into the rural hinterland to accommodate population growth in mainly low-density urban development, to the point where urban development is encroaching into the base of the Foothills. As Waitakere’s population grows, there is increasing demand for more rural and coastal lifestyle opportunities in the Ranges, Foothills and coastal villages. This trend was recognised with the notification of the Proposed District Plan in 1995, and important steps taken to halt the progression - for example the careful placing of the Metropolitan Urban Limit (MUL) to avoid significant natural areas and protect the foothills of the Ranges, together with complementary urban intensification and revitalisation policies that create additional, and more attractive living opportunities within the existing urban limits. These policies together are intended to help safeguard the natural values of the Ranges. In fact, the population inside the MUL has gown by 23.5% over the inter-censal period 1995-2001, with the proportion within the MUL increasing from 78.4% in 1996 to 89.3% in 2001. At the same time, provision for Structure Plans in the Foothills has brought rural lot sizes down, and care is needed that the rural areas do not lose their rural character, becoming de facto large lot residential. 6.12.1 Effects of subdivision and development Once private land is subdivided it opens the way for building and other development that is generally permanent – once subdivided, lots are seldom amalgamated back into larger parcels at a later date. Good management of the privately owned land in the Ranges, although it makes up only about 34% of the total area, is very significant from a landscape point of view, because of its visual prominence. Much privately owned land is located: on the eastern foothills below the Scenic Drive Ridge, making up an important component of the views of the Ranges from the local and wider urban areas, and adjacent to the roading network. Ever-intensifying development can incrementally eat away at the natural character and amenity values of those areas of the Ranges outside the park. The level of subdivision and development that can be absorbed by sensitive environments such as the Waitakere Ranges without adverse effects on ecosystems and landscape is a source of ongoing debate, with some arguing that increased population will bring more stewards to protect and restore the environment. Others see subdivision as a major threat to the natural values and outstanding landscape of the area. The adverse effects of subdivision and the development that follows have been identified as: Increase in bush clearance, particularly the bush understorey, loss of habitat and bird food Fragmentation of vegetation, resulting in increased ‘edge effects’ from wind and weeds Effects of bush clearance on stormwater flows, waterway stability, water quality and downstream flooding Impacts of loss of vegetation cover on land stability Increased density of built features detracting from the visual quality of the predominantly natural landscape of the area, particularly: colour and design not always in sympathy with the natural surroundings, particularly unpainted metal roofing and paler colours that catch the light highly visible locations on prominent ridges and headlands New roads, driveways and cleared living areas around houses create possible weed corridors and weed infestation areas Altered drainage patterns and tree root disturbance affecting tree health. Possible waterway pollution from malfunctioning wastewater systems. More ‘garden escape’ environmentally damaging weeds, cats, bush trampling and firewood collection Adverse impacts on sites of cultural significance to Manawhenua. Beneficial effects of subdivision lie mainly with the conditions of consent, for example the protection from stock, and planting /restoration of riparian margins, provision of esplanade reserve and potential to create public access to and along the coast, lakes and rivers, and access for Maori to their sites of significance. 6.12.2 District Plan Subdivision Issues a. Waitakere Ranges and Bush Living Subdivision Two pieces of further work on the subdivision provisions in the Waitakere Ranges have been carried out since the Proposed District Plan was notified in 1995. During 1997 a consultative group of major submitters on the Proposed Plan was set up. This group set criteria for a Waitakere Ranges subdivision study, which was subsequently carried out by Woodward Clyde and other consultants to the Council. The report included analyses of ecology and landscape, and case studies, and concluded that the Proposed District Plan provisions were generally appropriate, with minor changes. In 2000, a further study into the appropriateness of the subdivision controls in the Ranges was commissioned, using the Little Muddy Creek catchment (Titirangi/Laingholm) to carry out a detailed analysis to test if District Plan subdivision provisions meet RMA requirements. The study identified and assessed environmental constraints - landscape, ecology, traffic, stability, stormwater and wastewater - in order to provide a transparent base for assessing possible development scenarios. It found that most of the remaining undeveloped parts of this catchment area are unsuitable for subdivision and development (economically as well as practically and environmentally), with stability, ecological impact and storm water effects being the main constraints to further development. The Council is currently in a round of meetings and negotiations with the appeal parties on the subdivision issue in the Titirangi/Laingholm area. Good progress is being made through these discussions, although the position to be taken by the Council has not yet been finally settled. b. Subdivision under Structure Plans A number of policy issues have been raised in relation to Structure Plans, since the implementation of the Oratia Structure Plan, the hearing on the Birdwood Structure Plan and the notification of the proposed Swanson and Waiarohia Structure Plans. It has been suggested through submissions that a comprehensive piece of work on the entire Foothills and Countryside area is needed to look at the possible impact of structure plans on rural character, the Metropolitan Urban Limit and the health of the Upper Waitemata Harbour. A graded approach to Structure Plans in the Foothills has been suggested, with decreasing provision for subdivision closer to the bushed areas of the Ranges. A further concern is whether the level of subdivision provided for through the Structure Plan process is the final picture for the Foothills, or whether the pressure will continue through discretionary and non-complying applications, through Plan Changes, and through the statutory review process for the District Plan. Some difficulties in the implementation of the Oratia Structure Plan have been experienced, with issues being the conditions relating to financial contributions, potential horticultural contamination, reserve access, and stormwater mitigation and landscape planting. The Council has been working through these issues with landowners and the ARC. With the Oratia structure Plan being implemented, the District Plan to become operative in the near future, and significant submissions (including the ARC) to the Waiarohia and Swanson Structure Plan variations, it may be timely to review the current policy and implementation approach to Structure Plans. Reports on these issues will be brought to the committee. Monitoring of the cumulative effects of Structure Plan implementation is critical, to find whether in fact, provision for an increase in development in the Foothills brings with it the benefits that were anticipated to riparian margins, downstream flooding, water quality, aquatic fauna and landscape values. 6.13 Waitakere Ranges – Death by a Thousand Cuts? In 2000, in response to concerns expressed to him about subdivision policy in the Waitakere Ranges, the Parliamentary Commissioner for the Environment (PCE) carried out an investigation. The PCE response commented on the wide diversity of understanding of the Waitakere Ranges environment and the wide diversity of values placed on this environment by individuals and groups. Many landowners sense that being a good steward means looking after the land – what it sustains and what sustains it. Others seem to believe that landowners have no role or responsibility. One section of the community values land as private property with an expectation of maximising the value of the asset (for example, by subdividing). The same land can be valued by the community as natural heritage and a public asset that provides ecosystem services to the community. Community and Environmental Groups may have expectations that landowners will pay most of the costs of protecting this environment from the adverse effects of subdivision and development, while some landowners question the equity of asking landowners to safeguard something that has more than just private or personal value. These attitudes are determined, in part, by differing attitudes about private property rights, with many landowners recognising the need for biodiversity to be sustained and accepting RMA based restrictions on land management to achieve this, while others argue that such restrictions infringe private property rights. The PCE expressed concern that, while continuing subdivision and residential development over the first part of the 20th century has mainly resulted in the re-establishment of vegetation on the formerly open farmland of the Ranges, the pattern of continuing subdivision will, if left unchecked, once more lead to a net loss of environmental quality and ecosystem service delivery capacity. The graph below demonstrates this point.  EMBED PowerPoint.Slide.8  The PCE believes that in the short to medium term, individual aspirations either for protection, or for subdivision/development are often site-specific, and that there are tensions between this short-term view and achievement of a long-term strategic vision, focusing on what people want, collectively, from the Waitakere Ranges. He questioned whether the many short - term actions, perhaps for good and valid reasons such as retirement funds, a childrens’ education fund or the like, will have cumulative negative effects which mean the long-term goals for the Ranges are not achieved. He believes that many of the environmental attributes important to most of the parties he spoke to on both ‘sides of the fence’, are at risk in the longer term – it will be a case of ‘death by a thousand cuts’. The PCE is not convinced that the Resource Management Act will, on its own, protect environmental qualities that depend on preventing cumulative degradation. “Death by a thousand cuts will not be the intent of all involved; the legislation and District Plans will be adhered to, the aspirations of individual families and developers will be accommodated in a fair and just way, but the end result may be suburbia on the hills.” Local environmental organisations, and in particular the Waitakere Ranges Protection Society (WRPS), have been for some time expressing these kinds of concerns. The PCE believes that what is needed is a strong vision of how the community wants the Waitakere Ranges to be in the future. He suggests that the Waitakere Ranges could be characterised as the “Waitakere Ranges Living Natural Heritage Area’ with the concept supported by a strategy or management plan and managed by a wide array of mechanisms for implementation (including economic instruments, education programmes, and RMA rules and regulations) together with community developed indicators of the key attributes to be protected in the long term. Waitakere City has facilitated (with wide community participation) development of a community vision through the West Coast Plan. The vision set out in that document reads as follows: As guardians of the West Coast and the Waitakere Ranges, we acknowledge the interdependence of the people with this dramatic and inspiring place. The sea, the coast, and the ranges are envisioned as supporting a superb quality of life for people and locally appropriate plants and wildlife, which is sustained for all generations’. Prompted by his Waitakere investigation, the PCE produced a report entitled ‘Managing Change in Paradise – Sustainable Development in Peri-urban Areas’. This report looks at three areas of New Zealand - the Waitakere Ranges, the Whakatipu Basin and Banks Peninsula - where natural heritage characteristics are valued by New Zealanders as ‘cathedrals’, and where there are strong development pressures for outward urban expansion into these areas. The question is asked whether environmental management and the RMA planning framework will retain into the future the characteristics and ‘sense of place’ valued by the community. The report expresses concern that the current system may not be capable of promoting sustainable development of these areas. 6.13.1 New Zealand wide Study on Quality of District Plans and their Implementation This nation-wide study, sponsored by the International Global Change Institute, looks at sustainable management of the environment in New Zealand under the Resource Management Act, and aims to find whether good quality plans will result in good quality implementation and better environmental outcomes. Waitakere City is one of the participating councils. The study is in three phases. The first phase researched the quality of District Plans in New Zealand while the second examined how the quality of Plans affects the quality with which they are implemented. As part of this phase, resource consents were analysed, with particular regard to how stormwater, amenity values and iwi consultation were dealt with. Phase 1 is complete and preliminary results are now available from phase 2. If funded, the third phase will research the quality of the environmental outcomes. The study to date has found that the Waitakere Proposed District Plan scored highly compared with other New Zealand district plans, and implementation quality was also rated relatively highly. Clearly, then, the difficulty in protecting the Ranges from ‘death by a thousand cuts’ lies primarily neither with the quality of the Waitakere City District Plan, nor with its implementation (although there is always room for improvement). Rather, the difficulties are likely structural, with the Act itself, with the good use or otherwise of non-regulatory methods and innovation and with guidance at the national level of government. 6.13.2 Perceived Problems with the Current System of Management of the Ranges Some of the concerns that have been voiced over the years by the Waitakere Ranges Protection Society, and more recently the PCE and the Environmental Defence Society, are: Limited capacity of Councils and the planning process to manage tensions and conflicts. Communities living in the Ranges are diverse with a divergent range of opinions. Debate over the nature and extent of property rights is a significant tension. Poor leadership from national agencies on how to manage these areas, for example lack of national policy statements. Election cycle means Council vision and leadership inconsistent, subject to re-litigation and with no clear long-term consensus. Limited Council financial capacity to promote sustainable development through non-regulatory mechanisms, eg to deal with the weed and pest threat, and (linked) a tendency to rely too much on regulation (District Plan rules). Although there is regional support, there is no Central Government funding for landcare incentives. The focus on ‘effects’ - tools to define and manage cumulative effects are weak. For example, the adverse effects over time that may arise from successive applications for resource consent – once the first application is granted, the second has less effect and so on until there is a gradual transformation of the area to suburban. Monitoring of implementation and environmental outcomes is not as strong as it could be. The (relatively) short-term perspective of planning (under RMA, Plans are reviewed every 10 years). The RMA provisions for exceptions to the District Plan (through non-complying or discretionary applications) can be seen as leading to ad hoc resource consent based decision making, especially in the absence of guidance in the way of a national policy statement. To preserve natural values means the need to get it right in every case, as once done, change cannot generally be undone except at great cost. The cost of rehabilitation is much greater than the values placed on native bush. Even if an application is declined on the basis of environmental effects, applications can be re-lodged. 6.13.3 What indicators are there of Death by a thousand cuts? a. Subdivision and Population Population increase in the Ranges over the period 1996 – 2001 has been significant, as shown on the map at Appendix 2 on Page Ax. Maps have been prepared of sites where subdivision and building consents have been issued in the Ranges since the Proposed District Plan was notified in 1995 (Appendices 4 and 5 on Pages Ax and Ax). Analysis shows that since District Plan notification in 1995, a total of 74 subdivision applications have been made in the Coastal Settlements, Waitakere Ranges Environment, Bush Living Environment, and the Foothills Environment, for a total of 235 additional lots. Of these lots the Council consented to 153 and declined 53. Twenty-nine applications are currently (April 2002) going through the Council process with no resolution as yet, and 2 references with the Environment Court have yet to be heard. Of those approved, Waiatarua parklands, with 16 additional lots, was a ‘Large Property Area’ in the District Plan, recognised because of its size and important natural values to warrant a special individualised approach. Many of the applications were in the Foothills, particularly in the Oratia Valley, where a structure plan provides for additional subdivision. Of the 153 lots approved by Council, 14 were declined at appeal by the Environment Court. Conversely, of the 53 lots declined by Council, 45 were subsequently approved through the Environment Court. Thus, of the 206 additional lots applied for over this six and a half year period, where a decision has been made (excluding the two appeals still before the Court), 96% have been approved either by Council or the Environment Court. Subdivision in the Waitakere Ranges and Foothills October 1995 to April 2002 Human Environ-mentNumber of subdivision applicationsNumber of additional lots applied forNumber of additional lots consented by CouncilNumber of additional lots declined by CouncilNumber of declined additional lots then approved by Envir. CourtNumber of approved additional lots then declined by Envir. CourtCourt decision not yet madeNumber of lots applied for where Council decision not yet madeWaitakere Ranges929261--22 Bush Living1545441114-Coastal Villages5963---Foothills 45152774844-27TOTAL74235153534514229 In addition, there was a recent application for 21 units on one title in the Waitakere Ranges Environment on Piha Road, (reduced to 18 units during the consent process), not technically a subdivision, but with the same effect. This was declined by Council, and is currently with the Environment Court. Bush Clearance There is little monitoring of the amount of bush clearance in the Waitakere Ranges. Records of the number of bush clearance consents processed per month show a significant rise in the 2001-02 year as compared with the previous year (See Appendix 6 at Page Ax). Over the period July to April 2002, there was a 46% increase in consents processed compared with the same period in 2001, most of which are dealt with on a non-notified basis. This increase may be due to the community becoming more aware, through well - publicised prosecutions, of the need to apply, with a parallel decrease in illegal clearances, or it may be due simply to an increase in amount of bush clearance desired. The council does provide tree clearance consents to applicants free of charge, to reduce the compliance costs and increase the likelihood of applications being made, since the consent process allows staff the opportunity to discuss and negotiate the amount and nature of the clearance. In addition, the conditions attached to many of these consents require replanting of natives to mitigate the effects. Some work done comparing the extent of protected and managed natural areas over the entire city, on aerial photos dating from 1993 and 2000 found very significant clearance, around 96 hectares altogether. Some of this work will have been consented, and closer investigation has found a number of difficulties with the original mapping, but these results do ring alarm bells. In all cases, the trail has been found to be too cold to allow successful prosecution. On the other hand, a total of 15 Queen Elizabeth 11 and Waitakere City Green Network voluntary conservation covenants over private land in the Ranges have been signed, covering an area of 55.1564 hectares, and with other landowners willing and waiting to covenant. In addition, a significant number of bush covenants are negotiated as part of resource consent conditions. Observations indicate that incremental clearance, particularly of the understorey, is occurring in many Protected and Managed Natural Areas on and adjacent to homes in the bush, leaving an impoverished area of bush with the large trees remaining, but the ground beneath cleared, and no possibility of regeneration or long term survival. As described by Landscape Architect Stephen Brown, ‘many move to the Waitakeres with their rosy-hued glasses firmly in place and a very romantic vision of living in the bush. When that vision starts to unravel, with damp, asthma and trench foot starting to set in, defensive reactions often include bush clearance, earthworks, structural development and other forms of modification of the landscape.’ 6.13.4 A Waitakere Heritage Area or Special Character Area Option The question is, what can be done to combat cumulative degradation? The Waitakere Ranges Protection Society (WRPS), the Environmental Defence Society (EDS) and the Parliamentary Commissioner for the Environment (PCE) have all spoken of the possibility of providing a more robust legislative framework for management of the Waitakere Ranges. The WRPS has been canvassing public opinion for a number of years, and most recently held a public meeting, attended by some staff and Councillors, on 13th July 2002, to discuss the issues and the possible options for the Ranges. The Environmental Defence Society also held a special meeting on 17th March 2002 to discuss issues and options for providing greater protection for special areas of outstanding biodiversity and/or landscape and/or history and heritage in New Zealand, including the Waitakere Ranges – to ensure a stop to ‘death by a thousand cuts’. a. What is the Concept? EDS and WRPS note that land in New Zealand is either private land, governed by the Resource Management Act and implemented mainly by territorial local authorities, or public land, still subject to the RMA in certain circumstances, but governed generally by other legislation, including the National Parks Act 1980, the Reserves Act 1977 and the Conservation Act 1987. In many other countries, notably Europe, a third category of land exists, somewhere between private land and reserve land – protected private land, or ‘protected landscapes’. A well-known example is Snowdonia National Park in Wales, a living, working environment which is mostly privately owned, and contains some of the most beautiful scenery in Britain. The ‘protected landscape’ concept seeks to promote a productive and sustainable relationship between local communities and the natural environment within which they live, essentially based on voluntary agreements with landowners, who are offered significant incentives to become conservation managers while still carrying on their traditional landuses, to the extent that these are compatible with the overall vision for the area. It is this concept that may have relevance (with appropriate amendments) to significant natural areas in New Zealand such as the Waitakere Ranges. An overall vision for what protection means for the Ranges would need to be set. The standards set through the District Plan might be a starting point. Land would continue in private ownership but be subject to special administrative arrangements to ensure better protection of the important values. Key elements of the concept are seen as: The setting of a vision of what the ‘Heritage Area’ would seek to achieve, Communities would voluntarily apply the concept to their area, subject to meeting a statutory test, Support and active involvement of iwi, Central and regional funding for a range of incentives, Recruiting landowners to the concept by offering financial and other incentives from a fund, Land management agreements with larger landowners that set out the conservation objectives and the financial support to achieve them, Proper marketing and branding of the concept so that the area becomes an attractive, park-like place in which to live and work (with likely rises in property values) Active field workers to work on conservation initiatives in co-operation with landowners, Properly resourced visitor management, Tight regulation under the RMA, Ability to cross territorial boundaries, Provision to progressively add areas, Enabling legislation for the concept. The options for legislative change considered at the EDS meeting are set out at Appendix 7 on Page Ax, together with a list of possible criteria, developed by EDS and others, against which to measure the legislative options. b. Funding Attracting external funding would be central to the success of such a proposal, keeping in mind that Council can only currently carry out a small proportion of the non-regulatory programmes towards sustainable development in the Ranges that it would like, given its limited financial capacity to deal with the weed and pest threat, for example. Suggestions have been: Separate Ranges fund in the Nature Heritage Fund with a bid-in process (Central Government) Regional contributions via a levy, with local matching Corporate sponsorship. The potential of a new structure for a Waitakere Ranges Heritage Area (or similar name) to attract additional funding and resources to the protection of the Ranges may, given the need for active (and expensive) management, be of priority importance to successful management into the future. Additional funding could be used, for example, to fund environmental incentives, support landowner conservation initiatives, fund additional field workers to work on conservation initiatives in co-operation with landowners, resource visitor management and support iwi initiatives. 6.13.5 Next Steps A work programme is needed to investigate this ‘heritage area’ concept alongside the option of ‘do nothing’ or status quo. The work would include identifying the objectives and the options, and the advantages and disadvantages of each option. An integral part of the project would be widespread consultation. If it is to be successfully implemented, community support and endorsement is critical. Council would need to work closely with: iwi, International agencies such as the Institute for Protected Landscapes and the World Conservation Union Other agencies such as the ARC, Water Care Services, Rodney District Council, the Department of Conservation, the Ministry for the Environment, and the Parliamentary Commissioner for the Environment, Environmental and community groups such as RF&B, EDS, WRPS and the West Coast Plan Liaison Group Ratepayers Groups, landowners and other local groups Consultation would need to recognise the distinct communities within the Ranges area. 7. RESOURCES An amount of $13,000 is available in the 2002/03 year towards strategic work on protection of the Waitakere Ranges. Should the Committee decide to further investigate the option of a Ranges Heritage Area, the new Environmental Partnerships and Advocacy staff will help provide the resource to assist in facilitating community discussion around the options, and agreement on the way forward. Resourcing of other tasks will be assisted by Council work on priority setting through the strategic review process. 8. CONCLUSION The Waitakere Ranges are a nationally significant resource, and a taonga for the whole of the Auckland region, with legal responsibility shared between Council and the ARC. The past decade has been one in which Council has carried out significant work on the question of what sustainable development might look like, and is now at the stage where, with policy such as the Weeds Strategy, the Parks Strategy and the Stormwater Strategy in place, Council can be reasonably confident that it is on the right track. On the whole, there is good information on what needs to be done, with the main issues being affordability and sequencing. The major exception is the issue of managing cumulative effects - the Parliamentary Commissioner’s ‘death by a thousand cuts’, and significant policy work is needed to find the best way forward on this issue. Council also strongly recognises the importance of process and the need to develop and implement policy in partnership with iwi, and in consultation with interest groups, agencies and the community – the ‘Waitakere Way’. This issue is particularly important in an area of such ecological and landscape importance, and diverse communities and views, as the Waitakere Ranges. The new Environmental Partnerships and Advocacy staff approved through the 2002/03 Annual Plan will provide capacity for this partnership work. Monitoring indicates that the success story of the past decade in the Waitakere Ranges has been the ARC’s possum control programme in the Ranges, and forest health and native bird populations appear to be responding well to control of this animal pest. Other pests such as rats, mustilids and feral cats are a continuing threat to native wildlife and little control work is currently being done. It would seem that despite ARC efforts on regional parkland and Council programmes over a number of years working to the priorities set out in the Waitakere City Weeds Strategy, weeds in the Waitakere Ranges may be increasing at a greater rate than they are removed. An acceleration of the weeds programme is needed if the problem is to be reduced or even contained - it is a matter of finding the resources to implement the policy. Some monitoring and weed control is carried out in important geographical landmarks in the Ranges such as Lake Wainamu and the Waitakere Wetland, but a comprehensive and integrated approach to their management is required through partnerships with iwi, landowners and relevant agencies and community groups. Sites of significance to manawhenua are also at risk through lack of comprehensive data and a management plan. Questions and Actions for Consideration A significant number of issues that impact on the Waitakere Ranges and west coast/Manukau Harbour coastline have been raised during the course of this report, together with indications of ways that Council could choose to progress these. The list is set out below. It is designed to inform a strategic review that is looking out over the next 20 years. It is anticipated that the strategic review process will help to rank these suggestions in order of priority and set timeframes for them. Work to investigate and analyse options for protection of the Ranges from ‘death by a thousand cuts’, including the option of a ‘Waitakere Ranges Heritage Area’ (name yet to be chosen), and a ‘do nothing’ or status quo option. The initial investigation would need to identify the objectives and the options, and analysis of the advantages and disadvantages of each option. A public consultation programme would be an integral part of this work. A project initiated in conjunction with iwi, the ARC, the Ministry for the Environment and the Historic Places Trust, to develop an electronic database identifying sites of cultural significance to iwi in the Waitakere Ranges, including waahi tapu, old trails, springs used for ceremonial purposes, and other sites. The database should include a description of the significance of the site, photos, maps, access issues, historic and recent aerial photography to assist monitoring, and management information, including the level of protection necessary for the site, and the level of security required for the database files. Together with iwi groups, Council could explore ways to empower iwi to develop and implement ecological and heritage restoration projects in the Ranges, as part of their kaitiaki role. Development of design guides for roading works in the environmentally sensitive areas of the city during the 2002/03 Annual Plan. This project may need to be given priority because of the imminent need to provide roading improvements to cope with the increasing numbers of road users in the area. Work on a guideline to set priorities for undergrounding of telephone and powerlines in the Ranges and Coastal Villages Provision of an information package to new residents in the Ranges, relating to the protection of the Waitakere Ranges. This would include investigation of the most appropriate means of distribution A new information /education package on the threat posed by the dumping of garden waste, and responsible garden planting, including development of information on exotic garden plants that can safely be used in the Ranges Research and implementation of stronger incentives for removal of weeds from private land Facilitation of integrated ecosystem management programmes across different jurisdictions and land tenures in the Ranges, in co-operation with the ARC, Rodney District, other agencies, landowners, iwi, environmental groups and the community eg the Waitakere Wetland, weeds issues across Waitakere City boundaries with the ARC and private landowners, and between private landowners Initiate talks with the Rodney District Council, the Auckland Regional Council, WaterCare Services Limited, iwi, the Waitakere Ranges Protection Society, the Waitakere Rivercare Group and the Bethells/Te Henga Beachcare Group with the aim of developing a new catchment management plan for the Waitakere River catchment and the Waitakere Wetland Work jointly with the ARC, iwi, landowners and community groups to establish and implement, as funding allows, an action plan for the protection and restoration of Lake Wainamu Investigate ways to implement better monitoring of the health of the nationally significant Te Henga (Waitakere) Wetland. In partnership with the ARC and community groups, investigate ways to facilitate better control of rats, mustilids and feral cats, particularly in areas frequented by ground-nesting birds. Advocate for improved weed control in Water Care Service’s water catchment areas and the maintenance of minimum flow standards to support aquatic life downstream of the water supply dams in the Ranges, as part of the imminent process of renewing the resource consents for the dams under the expiry provisions of the Resource Management Act. Continue to progress work on putting in place reserve status over the high quality vegetation marked in the Quarry Management Plan as buffer area to be protected. Continue to work with the Quarry Community Consultative Committee to ensure that the quarry is well managed to avoid and remedy, or as a last resort to mitigate, noise issues, weed infestation and stream pollution, and to implement progressive restoration and revegetation as the quarry working faces move. RECOMMENDATIONS: That the information be received That these issues be considered and prioritised through the strategic review process. That the Committee approve work to investigate and analyse options for protection of the Ranges, including the option of a ‘Waitakere Ranges Heritage Area’ (name yet to be chosen), and a ‘do nothing’ or status quo option. The initial investigation will identify the objectives and the main options, and analyse the advantages and disadvantages of each option. That a programme of consultation round this work be developed and reported back to the Environmental Management Committee. That a copy of this report be forwarded to the Waitakere Community Board and Te Taumata Runanga for their information, and be made available to others on request. 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